Steam Engines and the Industrial Revolution

The steam engine, either used on its own or as part of a train, is the iconic invention of the industrial revolution. Experiments in the seventeenth century turned, by the middle of the nineteenth, into a technology which powered huge factories, allowed deeper mines and moved a transport network. Industrial Power Pre 1750 Before 1750, the traditional arbitrary starting date for the industrial revolution, the majority of British and European industries were traditional and relied on water as the main power source. This was a well-established technology, using streams and waterwheels, and was both proven and widely available in the British landscape. There were major problems because you had to be near suitable water, which could lead you to isolated places, and it tended to freeze or dry up. On the other hand, it was cheap. Water was also vital for transport, with rivers and coastal trade. Animals were also used for both power and transport, but these were expensive to run because of their food and care. For rapid industrialization to take place, alternative sources of power were needed. The Development of Steam People had experimented with steam-powered engines in the seventeenth century as a solution to power problems, and in 1698 Thomas Savery invented his ‘Machine for Raising Water by Fire’. Used in Cornish tin mines, this pumped water with a simple up and down motion that had only limited use and couldn’t be applied to machinery. It also had a tendency to explode, and steam development was held back by the patent, Savery held for thirty-five years. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen developed a different type of engine and bypassed the patents. This was first used in Staffordshire coal mines, had most of the old limitations and was expensive to run, but had the distinct advantage of not blowing up. In the second half of the eighteenth century came inventor James Watt, a man who built on the development of others and became a major contributor to steam technology. In 1763 Watt added a separate condenser to Newcomen’s engine which saved fuel; during this period he was working with people involved in the iron-producing industry. Then Watt teamed up with a former toy manufacturer who had changed profession. In 1781 Watt, former toy man Boulton and Murdoch built the ‘rotary action steam engine’. This was the major breakthrough because it could be used to power machinery, and in 1788 a centrifugal governor was fitted to keep the engine running at an even speed. Now there was an alternative power source for the wider industry and after 1800 the mass production of steam engines began. Considering steams reputation in a revolution which is traditionally said to run from 1750, steam was relatively slow to be adopted. A lot of industrialization had already taken place before steam power was in major use, and a lot had grown and improved without it. The cost was initially one-factor holding engines back, as industrialists used other sources of power to keep start-up costs down and avoid major risks. Some industrialists had a conservative attitude which only slowly turned to steam. Perhaps more importantly, the first steam engines were inefficient, using a lot of coal and needed large-scale production facilities to work properly, while much industry was small scale. It took time (until the 1830s/40s) for coal prices to fall and industry to become large enough to need more power. The Effects of Steam on Textiles The textile industry had used many different sources of power, from water to human in the many laborers of the domestic system. The first factory had been built at the start of the eighteenth century and used water power because at the time textiles could be produced with only a small amount of power. Expansion took the form of expanding over more rivers for the waterwheels. When steam-powered machinery became possible c. 1780, textiles were initially slow to adopt the technology, as it was expensive and required a high starting cost and caused trouble. However, over time the costs of steam fell and use grew. Water and steam power became even in 1820, and by 1830 steam was well ahead, producing a large increase in the productivity of the textile industry as new factories were created. The Effects on Coal and Iron The coal, iron and steel industries mutually stimulated each other during the revolution. There was an obvious need for coal to power steam engines, but these engines also allowed for deeper mines and greater coal production, making the fuel cheaper and steam cheaper, thus producing more demand for coal. The iron industry also benefited. At first, steam was used to pump water back up into reservoirs, but this soon developed and steam was used to power bigger and better blast furnaces, allowing for an increase in iron production. Rotary action steam engines could be linked to other parts of the iron process, and in 1839 the steam hammer was first in use. Steam and iron were linked as early as 1722 when Darby, an iron magnate, and Newcomen worked together to improve the quality of iron for producing steam engines. Better iron meant more precision engineering for steam. More on coal and iron. The Importance of the Steam Engine The steam engine might be the icon of the industrial revolution, but how important was it in this first industrial stage? Historians like Deane have said the engine had little impact at first, as it was only applicable to large-scale industrial processes and until 1830 the majority were small scale. She agrees that some industries used it, such as iron and coal, but that the capital outlay only became worthwhile for the majority after 1830 because of delays in producing viable engines, high costs at the start, and the ease with which manual labor can be hired and fired compared to a steam engine. Peter Mathias argues much the same thing but stresses that steam should still be considered one of the key advances of the industrial revolution, one which occurred near the end, initiating a second steam-driven phase.

Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia - 1940 Words

Describe and evaluate biological explanations of schizophrenia (24 marks) Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by distorted thinking, impaired emotional responses, poor interpersonal skills and a distortion of reality. It is the most common of psychotic disorders that, in most countries around the world, affects around 1 per cent of the population. In terms of explanations for the disorder, two central types of explanations arise – psychological explanations and biological explanations. Whereas psychological explanations tend to focus on cognitive, emotional and environmental factors that may cause the disorder, biological explanations tend to focus on genetic, biochemical and neuro-anatomical factors as the cause of the†¦show more content†¦As Joseph (2004) pointed out, however, this is not always the case. Monozygotic twins are more likely to be treated in a similar way, encounter more similar environments, and be to be thought of as ‘the twins’ rather than two separate individuals. This, in turn, can lead to à ¢â‚¬Ëœidentity confusion’ and so potentially a higher concordance rate amongst monozygotic twins. Therefore Joseph argues that the greater concordance rate seen in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins is a result of the differing attitudes and environments experienced by the two types of twins. Adoption studies have also been used to determine whether home environment or genetic disposition are more influential in the causation of schizophrenia, as usually in twin studies twins are both genetically related and experience the same environment. Kety (1994) found high rates of schizophrenia in individuals whose biological parents were schizophrenic but were adopted by psychologically healthy parents. The most methodologically sound of adoption studies, though, was carried out by Tienari et al (2000) in Finland. In the study 164 adoptees whose biological mothers were schizophrenic were compared to 197 adoptees whose mothers were psychologically healthy. It was found that 6.7 per cent of the experimental group (those with schizophrenic mothers) developedShow MoreRelatedThe Biological And Psychological Explanations Of Schizophrenia1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will try to explain schizophrenia and talk about the main biological and psychological explanations, also s howing how similar and different they are. Schizophrenia is defined in the oxford dictionary as a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mentalRead MoreA Comparison of Biological and Psychological Explanations of Schizophrenia531 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of Biological and Psychological Explanations of Schizophrenia Both the biological and the psychological explanations of schizophrenia are supported by empirical evidence which justify their explanations. However ,within the biological explanation there is the genetic explanation which is used largely based on scientific research such as that of Gottesman’s research using meta-analysis which looked at the family (including twin) relationships and concordanceRead MoreTwo Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia Essay487 Words   |  2 PagesTwo Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia There are many biological explanations of schizophrenia. In this essay I will concentrate on the genetic explanation and biochemical explanation of the disorder. There are many studies that look in to genetics and the link to schizophrenia. This is dues to an original finding that schizophrenia runs in families and therefore suggests that genes are responsible for the disorder. I study was preformed by Janicak et al 2001;Read MoreB) Evaluate the Biological Approach’s Explanation of Schizophrenia.1054 Words   |  5 PagesThe biological approach asserts that something in our biology is the fundamental cause of dysfunctional behaviour which could be a genetic cause or a malfunction of brain structures. Although it is seen as the most common explanation for schizophrenia due to the use of drug therapy, it would be deterministic and reductionist to explain schizophrenia only with the biological approach since there are other numerous factors such as the ones related to the cognitive explanation or other environmentalRead MoreCompare and Contrast Psychological and Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia2340 Words   |  10 PagesCompare and contrast psychological and biological explanations of schizophrenia. Jessica F Smith University Of Sussex Schizophrenia has been termed a heterogeneous group of disorders with varied etiologies (Walker, Kestler, Bollini, amp; Hochman, 2004) which includes biological, social, cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives. To progress knowledge of schizophrenia, this essay focuses on how the biological and psychological explanations are independent and interdependent and how they mayRead MoreCritically Consider Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesThe term ‘schizophrenia covers a group of serious psychotic disorders characterised by a loss of contact with reality. It comes from two Greek words: schiz meaning ‘split and phren meaning ‘mind. DSM IV (1994) estimate that the occurrence rate of schizophrenia ranges from 0.2%-2.0% worldwide. There are two main explanations of schizophrenia: the biological explanations and the psychological explanations. In this essay I will critically consider the biological explanations. These include geneticsRea d MoreOutline and Evaluate Two or More Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia.1443 Words   |  6 PagesThere are two main biological theories which explain the assumed causes of schizophrenia: Genetic and Dopamine Hypothesis. Research by Mikaywa et al has found that there must be a genetic explanation of schizophrenia due to the fact that concordance rates for environmental causes are not 100%. Also Mikaywa noticed that schizophrenia runs in the family, meaning there must be something other than environmental causes, causing the disorder. What Mikaywa studied was DNA from human families who wereRead MoreOutline and Evaluate One or More Biological Explanations to Schizophrenia1149 Words   |  5 Pagesand evaluate one or more biological explanations of schizophrenia (8 marks AO1/16 marks AO1) Schizophrenia is classified as a mental disorder that shows profound disruption of cognition and emotion which affects a person’s language, perception, thought and sense of self. The dopamine hypothesis states that schizophrenic’s neurones transmitting dopamine release the neurotransmitter too easily, leading to the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. This hypothesis claimsRead MoreDescribe and evaluate one or more biological explanations of schizophrenia1827 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Describe and evaluate one or more biological explanations of schizophrenia Research has shown that schizophrenia is heredity and can runs  in families. This suggests that genes play a significant role. The  closer the genetic relationship the more likely the people are to  share the disorder. Evidence from family studies by Gottesman showed that when bothparent are schizophrenic then there is a 46% chance of  the child getting it, however, if  only one parent had it, it dropped to 17%. This suggestsRead MoreDescribe Two or More Psychological Explanations of Schizophrenia725 Words   |  3 PagesDescribe two or more psychological explanations of schizophrenia 8+16 marks A01 A02 Sociocultural AO2 Cognitive Introducing Biology The cognitive explanation acknowledges the role of biological factors in schizophrenia, suggesting that the basis of the condition is abnormal brain activity producing visual and auditory hallucinations. Further features of the disorder emerge as people try to make sense of the hallucinations. When schizophrenics first experience voices and other worrying sensory

Critical Thinking and Problem Solving for Recreation-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCritical Thinking and Problem Solving for Recreation. Answer: Zoos have been considered as a fundamentally accepted part belonging to the social fabric of the cities for several centuries. The concept as well as nature of zoos have transformed with the varying sentiments and economic conditions of nations. Although zoos offer a place for both animals and humans to interact, it further gives rise to several factors of vulnerability, captivity and immorality towards the animals[1]. With the increasing rates of threats towards wild population, contemporary zoos in recent times concentrate of human recreation and entertainment with the cost of animal captivity. The thesis statement of this essay is explore the immorality of zoos that has resulted in animal captivity and effect on the value of the lives of these animals. Zoos as well as wildlife sanctuaries have gained immense popularity because of their contribution to the major tourism industry across the world. The primary purpose of the zoos is to provide entertainment, recreation and knowledge to the people. However, it must be noted that all these forms of entertainment are being offered with the cost of animal captivity. Various kinds of species are kept in complete confinement within a small enclosure in order to offer a close and feasible kind of contact to the local population. The past few months have witnessed a number of deaths of animals held in captivity, which has further raised concerns around the conservation[2]. Contemporary zoos even though have contribution to animal conservation; they are unable to provide any productive outcome to the animal species conservation. A recent incident that occurred at the Cincinnati Zoo in the USA has upturned immense concern and alarm within the domain of animal safeguard domain[3]. Harambe, a gor illa born in captivity was shot to death in order to save a young visitor who fell into his area of enclosure. Another incidence of loss of a Sumatran elephant had taken place in the disreputable park reserve located in Indonesia. All these unfortunate incidents have given rise to several debatable issues related to the lack of security and protection towards the animals as well as the people visiting these animal reserves. However, several zoos can recognized the concern regarding the insufficient space in order to engage in effective breeding programmes for larger mammals. The core immoral practice that is being performed by the contemporary zoos is keeping the animal species in an alienated and isolated environment, whereby causing severe restrictions to their liberty and independence. Animals living in natural habitat can develop their own social orders and further behave in the ways, which are expected from them. Restricting wild animals within a limited space like zoos sabotage their natural pattern as well as their lifecycles[4]. These species further experience a significant environmental as well as change in their habitat. Animals in several zoos fail to have the proper access to vegetation and are therefore exposed to pollution. Although, the zoological industry has claimed to spend a great amount of cost and expenditure in the process of stimulating a natural environment for the animals, it has been reported that grasslands of several zoos contain bacteria further causing harm to the species[5]. These incidents have raised much concern within the human activists who have been seeking to accentuate the necessity of natural environment or habitat for the animals, which would facilitate a normal development of animals. The fundamental concept of depriving animals from their own habitat in order to provide entertainment to humans must be regarded as unethical and immoral activity[6]. Contemporary animal reserves function more as amusement parks rather than animal reserves. Though they have shown gradual progress in the recent times, yet these zoos have their existence in order to enhance their economic development by extracting money for the wealthy societal appetite to offer such entertainment to humans. However, it must be taken into account that even though zoos provide aid to animal conservation, the level of generosity of these contributions fails to accomplish the requirements needed for these species in their exhibits[7]. On the contrary, a large portion of the revenue generated by the zoos is spent on the acquisition of several animals as well as for creating unique displays for the zoos. However, according to a number of critics, zoos have immense contribution to the scientific monitoring of the animal species which thereby has a positive influence on the lives of both humans and animals. Several zoos function as networks, which assist in collecting and further establishing collection of serum banks in order to improve the therapeutic recordkeeping system[8]. However, this has been proven as effective and advantageous in recognizing as well as monitoring the spread of several types of harmful, life risking, infectious diseases. The case of West Nile Virus can be considered as an instance that was initially identified at a particular zoological institution[9]. The classification of this detrimental disease has assisted in preserving animals in the United States where prior to this identification several wild crows were losing their lives because of this unidentified disease. However, this virus has been reportedly causing threats to both the lives of humans as well as animals. Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that although the human-animal association can be beneficial for both the species but it also causes detrimental effects on the lives of animals whose wellbeing and protection lie on the hands of the humans. The paper has shed light on the various aspects of the functioning process of contemporary zoos and their relative impact on the animal species. Thus, it can be brought to conclusion that zoos are not required for accomplishing the entertainment and recreational purposes of humans. Individuals can gain their knowledge regarding wild species by watching documentaries of wild animals, which are filmed in their natural environment and context. Society must take into consideration the implementation and purpose of zoos or other organizations in order to determine the way the current form of activities and existence can be altered. References Barreiros, Joo P., and Vidal Haddad Jr. "Zoo animals and humans killed because of human negligent behavior."Journal of Coastal Life Medicine4, no. 12 (2016): 1008-1008. Friese, Carrie.Cloning wild life: zoos, captivity, and the future of endangered animals. NYU Press, 2013. Hediger, Heini.Wild animals in captivity. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013. Hosey, Geoff, Vicky Melfi, and Sheila Pankhurst.Zoo animals: behaviour, management, and welfare. Oxford University Press, 2013. Keulartz, Jozef. "Captivity for conservation? Zoos at a crossroads."Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics28, no. 2 (2015): 335-351. Minteer, Ben A., and James P. Collins. "Ecological ethics in captivity: Balancing values and responsibilities in zoo and aquarium research under rapid global change."ILAR journal54, no. 1 (2013): 41-51. Roehrig, John T. "West Nile virus in the United Statesa historical perspective."Viruses5, no. 12 (2013): 3088-3108. Webber, Sarah, Marcus Carter, Wally Smith, and Frank Vetere. "Interactive technology and humananimal encounters at the zoo."International Journal of Human-Computer Studies98 (2017): 150-168. Ziegler, Ute, Joke Angenvoort, Dominik Fischer, Christine Fast, Martin Eiden, Ariel V. Rodriguez, Sandra Revilla-Fernndez et al. "Pathogenesis of West Nile virus lineage 1 and 2 in experimentally infected large falcons."Veterinary microbiology161, no. 3-4 (2013): 263-273.